.htaccess使用详解

时间:2011年03月18日 点击:344

1. Introduction 介绍
文件名 .htaccess 属性 644 (RW-R-R-)
htaccess会影响它所在目录下的所有子目录
注意大多数内容都要求保持在一行之内,不要换行,否则会引起错误

 

2. Error Documents 错误文档
Official document: ErrorDocument Directive

ErrorDocument code document

例子

ErrorDocument 400 /errors/badrequest.html

ErrorDocument 404 http://yoursite/errors/notfound.html

ErrorDocument 401 “Authorization Required”

(注意之后内容如果出现的双引号需要转义为 \”)

常见HTTP状态码

Successful Client Requests

200 OK

201 Created

202 Accepted

203 Non-Authorative Information

204 No Content

205 Reset Content

206 Partial Content

Client Request Redirected

300 Multiple Choices

301 Moved Permanently

302 Moved Temporarily

303 See Other

304 Not Modified

305 Use Proxy

Client Request Errors

400 Bad Request

401 Authorization Required

402 Payment Required (not used yet)

403 Forbidden

404 Not Found

405 Method Not Allowed

406 Not Acceptable (encoding)

407 Proxy Authentication Required

408 Request Timed Out

409 Conflicting Request

410 Gone

411 Content Length Required

412 Precondition Failed

413 Request Entity Too Long

414 Request URI Too Long

415 Unsupported Media Type

Server Errors

500 Internal Server Error

501 Not Implemented

502 Bad Gateway

503 Service Unavailable

504 Gateway Timeout

505 HTTP Version Not Supported

 


3. Password Protection 密码保护

Official document: Authentication, Authorization and Access Control

假设密码文件为.htpasswd

AuthUserFile /usr/local/safedir/.htpasswd (这里必须使用全路径名)

AuthName EnterPassword

AuthType Basic

两种常见验证方式:

Require user windix

(仅允许用户windix登陆)

Require valid-user

(所有合法用户都可登陆)

Tip: 如何生成密码文件

使用htpasswd命令(apache自带)

第一次生成需要创建密码文件

htpasswd -c .htpasswd user1

之后增加新用户

htpasswd .htpasswd user2


4. Enabling SSI Via htaccess 通过htaccess允许SSI(Server Side Including)功能

AddType text/html .shtml

AddHandler server-parsed .shtml

Options Indexes FollowSymLinks Includes

DirectoryIndex index.shtml index.html
5. Blocking users by IP 根据IP阻止用户访问

order allow,deny

deny from 123.45.6.7

deny from 12.34.5. (整个C类地址)

allow from all


6. Blocking users/sites by referrer 根据referrer阻止用户/站点访问

需要mod_rewrite模块

例1. 阻止单一referrer: badsite.com

RewriteEngine on

# Options +FollowSymlinks

RewriteCond % badsite\.com [NC]

RewriteRule .* – [F]

例2. 阻止多个referrer: badsite1.com, badsite2.com

RewriteEngine on

# Options +FollowSymlinks

RewriteCond % badsite1\.com [NC,OR]

RewriteCond % badsite2\.com

RewriteRule .* – [F]

[NC] – 大小写不敏感(Case-insensite)

[F] – 403 Forbidden

注意以上代码注释掉了”Options +FollowSymlinks”这个语句。如果服务器未在 httpd.conf 的 段落设置 FollowSymLinks, 则需要加上这句,否则会得到”500 Internal Server
error”错误。


7. Blocking bad bots and site rippers (aka offline browsers) 阻止坏爬虫和离线浏览器

需要mod_rewrite模块

坏爬虫? 比如一些抓垃圾email地址的爬虫和不遵守robots.txt的爬虫(如baidu?)

可以根据 HTTP_USER_AGENT 来判断它们

(但是还有更无耻的如”中搜 zhongsou.com”之流把自己的agent设置为 “Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT 5.0)” 太流氓了,就无能为力了)

RewriteEngine On

RewriteCond % ^BlackWidow [OR]

RewriteCond % ^Bot\ mailto:craftbot@yahoo.com [OR]

RewriteCond % ^ChinaClaw [OR]

RewriteCond % ^Custo [OR]

RewriteCond % ^DISCo [OR]

RewriteCond % ^Download\ Demon [OR]

RewriteCond % ^eCatch [OR]

RewriteCond % ^EirGrabber [OR]

RewriteCond % ^EmailSiphon [OR]

RewriteCond % ^EmailWolf [OR]

RewriteCond % ^Express\ WebPictures [OR]

RewriteCond % ^ExtractorPro [OR]

RewriteCond % ^EyeNetIE [OR]

RewriteCond % ^FlashGet [OR]

RewriteCond % ^GetRight [OR]

RewriteCond % ^GetWeb! [OR]

RewriteCond % ^Go!Zilla [OR]

RewriteCond % ^Go-Ahead-Got-It [OR]

RewriteCond % ^GrabNet [OR]

RewriteCond % ^Grafula [OR]

RewriteCond % ^HMView [OR]

RewriteCond % HTTrack [NC,OR]

RewriteCond % ^Image\ Stripper [OR]

RewriteCond % ^Image\ Sucker [OR]

RewriteCond % Indy\ Library [NC,OR]

RewriteCond % ^InterGET [OR]

RewriteCond % ^Internet\ Ninja [OR]

RewriteCond % ^JetCar [OR]

RewriteCond % ^JOC\ Web\ Spider [OR]

RewriteCond % ^larbin [OR]

RewriteCond % ^LeechFTP [OR]

RewriteCond % ^Mass\ Downloader [OR]

RewriteCond % ^MIDown\ tool [OR]

RewriteCond % ^Mister\ PiX [OR]

RewriteCond % ^Navroad [OR]

RewriteCond % ^NearSite [OR]

RewriteCond % ^NetAnts [OR]

RewriteCond % ^NetSpider [OR]

RewriteCond % ^Net\ Vampire [OR]

RewriteCond % ^NetZIP [OR]

RewriteCond % ^Octopus [OR]

RewriteCond % ^Offline\ Explorer [OR]

RewriteCond % ^Offline\ Navigator [OR]

RewriteCond % ^PageGrabber [OR]

RewriteCond % ^Papa\ Foto [OR]

RewriteCond % ^pavuk [OR]

RewriteCond % ^pcBrowser [OR]

RewriteCond % ^RealDownload [OR]

RewriteCond % ^ReGet [OR]

RewriteCond % ^SiteSnagger [OR]

RewriteCond % ^SmartDownload [OR]

RewriteCond % ^SuperBot [OR]

RewriteCond % ^SuperHTTP [OR]

RewriteCond % ^Surfbot [OR]

RewriteCond % ^tAkeOut [OR]

RewriteCond % ^Teleport\ Pro [OR]

RewriteCond % ^VoidEYE [OR]

RewriteCond % ^Web\ Image\ Collector [OR]

RewriteCond % ^Web\ Sucker [OR]

RewriteCond % ^WebAuto [OR]

RewriteCond % ^WebCopier [OR]

RewriteCond % ^WebFetch [OR]

RewriteCond % ^WebGo\ IS [OR]

RewriteCond % ^WebLeacher [OR]

RewriteCond % ^WebReaper [OR]

RewriteCond % ^WebSauger [OR]

RewriteCond % ^Website\ eXtractor [OR]

RewriteCond % ^Website\ Quester [OR]

RewriteCond % ^WebStripper [OR]

RewriteCond % ^WebWhacker [OR]

RewriteCond % ^WebZIP [OR]

RewriteCond % ^Wget [OR]

RewriteCond % ^Widow [OR]

RewriteCond % ^WWWOFFLE [OR]

RewriteCond % ^Xaldon\ WebSpider [OR]

RewriteCond % ^Zeus

RewriteRule ^.* – [F,L]

[F] – 403 Forbidden

[L] – 连接(Link)


8. Change your default directory page 改变缺省目录页面

DirectoryIndex index.html index.php index.cgi index.pl


9. Redirects 转向
Redirect /old_dir/old_file.html  http://yoursite.com/new_dir/new_file.html

整个目录

Redirect /old_dir http://yoursite.com/new_dir

效果: 如同将目录移动位置一样

http://yoursite.com/old_dir  http://yoursite.com/new_dir

http://yoursite.com/old_dir/dir1/test.html http://yoursite.com/new_dir/dir1/test.html http://yoursite.com/new_dir/dir1/test.html

Tip: 使用用户目录时Redirect不能转向的解决方法

当你使用Apache默认的用户目录,如 http://mysite.com/~windix,当你想转向 “http://mysite.com/~windix/jump http://mysite.com/~windix/jump时,你会发现下面这个Redirect不工作:

Redirect /jump http://www.google.com

正确的方法是改成

Redirect /~windix/jump http://www.google.com

(source: .htaccess Redirect in “Sites” not redirecting: why?)


10. Prevent viewing of .htaccess file 防止.htaccess文件被查看

order allow,deny
deny from all


11. Adding MIME Types 添加 MIME 类型

AddType application/x-shockwave-flash swf

Tips: 设置类型为 application/octet-stream 将提示下载
 

12. Preventing hot linking of images and other file types 防盗链

需要mod_rewrite模块

RewriteEngine on

RewriteCond % !^$

RewriteCond % !^http://(www/\.)?mydomain.com/.*$ [NC]

RewriteRule \.(gif|jpg|js|css)$ – [F]

解析:

若 HTTP_REFERER 非空 (来源为其他站点,非直接连接) 并且

若 HTTP_REFERER 非(www.)mydomain.com开头(忽略大小写[NC]) (来源非本站)

对于所有含有 .gif/.jpg/.js/.css 结尾的文件给出 403 Forbidden 错误[F]

也可指定响应,如下例显示替换图片

RewriteRule \.(gif|jpg)$ [R,L]

[R] – 转向(Redirect)

[L] – 连接(Link)


13. Preventing Directory Listing 防止目录列表时显示

IndexIgnore *

IndexIgnore *.jpg *.gif

Tips:

允许目录列表显示: Options +Indexes

禁止目录列表显示: Options -Indexes

显示提示信息: 页首 文件HEADER, 页尾 文件README

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